ľ��ֱ��

• Mission
• Important Events
• Legislative Chronology
• Director
• Programs

Mission

The mission of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) is to lead research and training to understand human development, improve reproductive health, enhance the lives of children and adolescents, and optimize abilities for all. The institute's vision is: Healthy pregnancies. Healthy children. Healthy and optimal lives.

NICHD research programs incorporate the following concepts:

• Events that happen prior to and throughout pregnancy, as well as during childhood, have a great impact on the health and well-being of children and adults. The institute supports and conducts research to advance knowledge of pregnancy, fetal development, and birth and to develop strategies that prevent maternal, infant, and childhood mortality and morbidity; identify and promote the prerequisites of optimal physical, mental, and behavioral growth and development through infancy, childhood, and adolescence; and contribute to the prevention and amelioration of intellectual and developmental disabilities.
• Human growth and development are life-long processes that have many phases and functions. Much of the institute's research in this area focuses on cellular, molecular, and developmental biology to build understanding of the mechanisms and interactions that guide a single fertilized egg through its development into a multi-cellular, highly organized organism.
• Learning about the reproductive health of women and men and educating people about reproductive practices is important to both individuals and societies. Institute-supported basic, clinical, and epidemiological research in the reproductive sciences seeks to develop knowledge that enables women and men to overcome problems of infertility, and to regulate their fertility in ways that are safe, effective, and acceptable for various population groups. Institute-sponsored behavioral and social science research in the population field strives to understand the causes and consequences of reproductive behavior and population change.
• Developing medical rehabilitation interventions can improve the health and well-being of people with disabilities. Research in medical rehabilitation seeks to develop improved techniques and technologies, with respect to the rehabilitation of individuals with physical disabilities resulting from diseases, disorders, injuries, or birth defects.

The institute also supports research training across all its programs, with the intent of adding to the cadre of trained professionals who conduct research in areas of critical public health concern. In addition, an overarching responsibility of NICHD is to disseminate information from its programs to researchers, practitioners, other healthcare providers, and the public.

To learn more about NICHD’s contributions to society, visit .

Important Events in NICHD History

January 12, 1961 — The report of the Task Force on Health and Social Security calls for the establishment, by administrative action of the U.S. Surgeon General, of a National Institute of Child Health within the ľ��ֱ�� (NIH).

January 30, 1961 — The U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW) general counsel declares that existing legislation (enacted in 1950) limited the creation of new institutes to those focusing on a disease or group of diseases, and that new legislation would be required to establish the institute called for in the Task Force report.

February 17, 1961 — The Surgeon General establishes a Center for Research in Child Health in the Division of General Medical Sciences.

October 17, 1962 — Public Law (P.L.) 87-838 authorizes the establishment of NICHD.

January 30, 1963 — Secretary of DHEW Anthony J. Celebrezze approves the establishment of NICHD, with a provision that the Center for Research in Child Health and the Center for Research in Aging (established in 1956) be transferred from the Division of General Medical Sciences to the new institute.

May 1963 — The Surgeon General appoints members of the National Advisory Child Health and Human Development (NACHHD) Council.

November 14, 1963 — NICHD holds the first meeting of the NACHHD Council.

1965 — States begin mandating the screening of all newborns for phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare disease that if left untreated causes intellectual disability (then called mental retardation), deafness, and seizures. These mandates come after NICHD research confirms the safety and effectiveness of a simple blood test to screen for and a special diet to treat PKU. By 1990, routine newborn screening can detect up to 10 conditions, including PKU and congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Early detection and immediate initiation of treatment made possible by newborn screening save lives and virtually eliminate PKU and CH as causes of intellectual disability.

December 1965 — A major NICHD reorganization, approved by the Surgeon General, emphasizes four program areas: reproduction, growth and development, aging, and mental retardation.��NICHD creates the Mental Retardation Research Centers to help develop research infrastructure at universities throughout the country (These centers are now called the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Centers).��

April 1967 — A second reorganization of NICHD, approved by the Surgeon General, acknowledges the institute's intramural research programs by separating responsibility for intramural and extramural research and creating seven intramural laboratories. The reorganization brings NICHD's administrative structure into line with that of other NIH institutes.

August 9, 1968 — The DHEW Secretary establishes the Center for Population Research within NICHD. The Center is responsible for contract and grant programs in population and reproduction research and is designated by the President as the federal agency primarily responsible for population research and training.

May 27, 1975 — The federal government establishes the Center for Research for Mothers and Children within NICHD as the focal point for research and research training on the special health problems of mothers and children. The Center also has responsibility for increasing knowledge about pregnancy, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and for administering grant and contract programs related to these areas.

June 30, 1975 — The Adult Development and Aging Branch and the Gerontology Research Center, with their programs for support and conduct of research in the field of aging, are transferred from NICHD to the newly established National Institute on Aging (NIA).

October 1977 — Roger Guillemin, M.D., Ph.D., and Andrew Schally, Ph.D., MDHC, DScHC—leaders of two independent teams of researchers funded by NICHD and other organizations—win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in identifying luteinizing hormone releasing factor (now called gonadotropin-releasing hormone) and other releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus. This discovery leads to new understanding and treatments for thyroid diseases, infertility, diabetes, types of tumors, and other disorders.

1977 — The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves the home pregnancy test, developed as a direct result of work conducted by NICHD intramural researcher Judith Vaitukaitis, M.D. She identifies the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin as the earliest marker of pregnancy, which leads to the development of the first standard home pregnancy test and a monitor for response to cancer treatment.

1978 — NICHD intramural researchers become the first to successfully clone a mammalian gene, a critical first step in obtaining large amounts of medically important proteins.

December 1983 — NICHD grantees Ralph Brinster and Richard Palmiter become the first to transplant human genes into animals. Their accomplishment, transplanting the gene for human growth hormone into mice, provides an important new means to study the function of human genes, as well as the foundation of the new biotechnology industry.

1985 — NICHD forms research networks of Neonatal Intensive Care Units and Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units. The networks, which perform large clinical trials, provide the institute with a faster, more effective system of evaluating neonatal intensive care and maternal-fetal treatments.

December 1989 — NICHD announces the establishment of the country's first research centers that combine the biomedical and behavioral sciences to focus specifically on learning disabilities.

September 1990 — The institute begins a congressionally initiated national program of Child Health Research Centers. The program’s goal is to expedite the application of findings from basic research to the care of sick children.

November 16, 1990 — Congress establishes the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research within NICHD to conduct and support programs for the rehabilitation, health, and well-being of individuals with physical disabilities.

1991 — NICHD expands its Epidemiology and Biometry Research Program to create the Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, part of its intramural research component. The division's portfolio includes research in the fields of reproduction and maternal and child health.

1994 — NICHD launches the Back to Sleep campaign, a program designed to teach parents and caregivers the importance of putting babies on their backs to sleep, to help reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

January 1994 — In response to the need for appropriate drug therapy for pediatric patients, NICHD establishes the Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit Network. The network's mission is to facilitate and promote pediatric labeling of new drugs or drugs already on the market to ensure the safe and effective use of drugs in children.

September 1996 — Two NICHD scientists, Drs. John Robbins and Rachel Schneerson, receive the 1996 Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award for the landmark development of a polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine for Hemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Robbins and Schneerson also receive the World Health Organization Children's Vaccine Initiative Pasteur Award for Recent Contributions in Vaccine Development for their Hib vaccine breakthrough.

April 1997 — NICHD establishes the Specialized Cooperative Centers Program in Reproduction and Infertility Research to provide high-quality translational research programs in reproduction and infertility and to serve as national resources for the training and career development of new scientists conducting translational research in high-priority areas of reproduction and infertility.

June 1997 — NICHD and the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) establish the Network on the Neurobiology and Genetics of Autism, composed of 10 Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Autism (CPEAs). The CPEA Network is an international effort that seeks to solve the puzzle of autism through research.

September 1997 — NICHD initiates the first phase of its National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (later renamed the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health). The study's main premise is that social context — such as relationships with families, friends, and peers — influences the health-related behaviors of young people, and that understanding this context is essential to guide efforts to modify health behaviors.

March 1998 — Using sophisticated brain imaging technology, NICHD-funded researchers reveal a brain map of the physical basis of dyslexia. This finding may provide the basis for screening techniques that will help identify dyslexia, allowing treatment to start earlier in a person's development.

June 1998 — In the largest, most comprehensive analysis of its kind, NICHD-funded research finds that pregnant women with HIV can reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to their infants by about 50% if they deliver by elective Cesarean section before they have gone into labor and before their membranes have ruptured.

July 1998 — The FDA approves an NICHD-developed DTaP (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis) vaccine for use in immunization against these diseases.

September 1999 — NICHD-funded researchers announce the discovery of the gene for Rett syndrome, a disorder in which healthy infants (mostly girls) gradually lose their language capabilities, mental functioning, and ability to interact with others.

2000 — NICHD researchers demonstrate that inhaled nitric oxide is an effective therapy for respiratory failure in critically ill term infants in whom aggressive conventional therapy had failed. The findings, which resulted from the first definitive, randomized clinical trial of nitric oxide use in human neonates, may further reduce the long-term costs of caring for such children and improve their quality of life by reducing their risk for chronic respiratory insufficiency and central nervous system ischemia.

2000 — NICHD researchers evaluating data from the Fels Longitudinal Study, the oldest and largest growth study in the world, find that obesity in childhood tracks from age three years onward, into adulthood, and that obesity in adolescence is more likely to lead to adult obesity than obesity earlier in childhood. Data from the study, supported by NICHD since 1974, may allow researchers to ascertain the segregation of growth patterns over three generations, detect linkage of candidate genes to various phenotypes of growth, and permit the discovery of new descriptors of normal growth and underlying genetic mechanisms.

January 2000 — The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation joins NICHD in developing and supporting an international research network to improve the health of women and children throughout the world. NICHD commits to match the Foundation's $15 million to help the network establish self-sustaining, international, and medical research institutions.

April 2000 — The National Reading Panel, established by NICHD, releases findings of the largest, most comprehensive, evidence-based review ever conducted of research related to how children learn to read. The independent panel concludes that the most effective way to teach children to read is through instruction that includes a combination of methods and addresses alphabetics (phonemic awareness and instruction), reading fluency, reading comprehension, teacher education, and computer technology.

October 2000 — An NICHD-funded study, conducted by researchers from Thailand, France, and the United States, shows that transmission of HIV from a mother to her child can be reduced nearly as effectively with shorter treatments of the drug AZT, as with longer AZT treatments. The findings may allow women in developing countries to better afford the treatment that can reduce their babies' chances of contracting AIDS.

October 2000 — An NICHD grantee, Dr. James J. Heckman of the University of Chicago, is 1 of 2 NIH researchers to receive the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel. Dr. Heckman is awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for his pioneering work in accounting for unknown factors affecting statistical samples. Much of his work has been applied to understanding how early life events contribute to individuals' later earning potential and economic standing.

February 2001 — NICHD establishes three Fragile X Research Centers to conduct and support research related to improving the diagnosis and treatment of Fragile X syndrome. This initiative is mandated under public law 106-310, the Children's Health Act, which passed in October 2000.

June 2002 — Findings from NICHD's Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study (Women's CARE) reveal no association between oral contraception use and an increased risk of breast cancer. The study, which focuses on women ages 35 to 64 because they are more likely to develop breast cancer than younger women, provides scientific evidence that past or present oral contraception use does not significantly increase breast cancer risk.

2003 — In a first-of-its-kind collaboration, NICHD, National Coalition of 100 Black Women, the Women in the NAACP, and Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., embark on a year-long program to spread the safe sleep message in African American communities. At regional summits held in Tuskegee, Los Angeles, and Detroit, the partners conduct SIDS risk-reduction training and activities to equip members and community leaders with educational techniques, strategies, and promotional materials so they can conduct outreach activities to reduce the risk of SIDS among African American infants.

June 2003 — NICHD establishes the Center for Developmental Biology and Perinatal Medicine. The center strives to advance fundamental and clinical knowledge about maternal health and problems of child development, such as preterm birth, intellectual and developmental disabilities, congenital defects and genetic disorders, fetal growth restriction, and other conditions.

April 2004 — NICHD-supported researchers demonstrate that effective reading instruction not only improves reading ability, but also changes the functioning of the brain so that it reads more efficiently. The scientists used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe brain functions in children during reading. With fMRI, the researchers could see that the brains of once-poor readers, as they overcame their reading disabilities, began to function like the brains of good readers. The findings show that the brain systems involved in reading respond to effective reading instruction and show increased activity in a part of the brain that recognizes words.

June 2004 — Reorganization within NICHD's Center for Research for Mothers and Children establishes the Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology Branch to meet the increased demand for research leadership and support of legislation passed to ensure the safety of drugs used to treat children. The new Branch includes the NICHD Pediatric Pharmacology Research Units Network, the Obstetric-Fetal Pharmacology Research Network, and NICHD Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act activities. The Branch provides a focus for managing efforts across the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to address this important topic.

November 2004 — NICHD and its partner agencies announce the 96 recruitment locations for the National Children's Study, a national, longitudinal study of environmental influences on child health mandated in the Children's Health Act of 2000. The study is led by a consortium of federal agencies, including HHS (NICHD and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) within NIH, as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and the Environmental Protection Agency.

December 2004 — Researchers in NICHD's Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network find that the risks from vaginal delivery after a prior Cesarean delivery are low, and are only slightly higher than for a repeat Cesarean delivery, thus clarifying the safety of vaginal birth after Cesarean. The largest, most comprehensive study of its kind indicated that, although complications (such as rupture of the uterus and infection of the uterine lining) were possible, the risk of these complications was very low. Further, the researchers noted that repeat Cesarean carries its own risks, including infection and surgical complications, and that the procedure may complicate future births. The MFMU Network allows researchers to conduct large clinical trials quickly, by recruiting from multiple sites and using one protocol, providing a faster, more effective system of evaluating maternal-fetal treatments.

April 7, 2005 — World Health Day — the Global Network for Women's and Children's Health Research, funded by NICHD and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, initiates the First Breath Project to treat newborn asphyxia, a major cause of infant death, in resource-poor settings. The new project seeks to determine if training midwives and other traditional birth attendants in standard infant resuscitation practices commonly used in the United States can reduce the death and disability from newborn asphyxia in seven Global Network sites located in South Asia, Africa, and Latin America.��

October 2006 — As part of a decades-long research effort on SIDS, NICHD-funded researchers announce findings that infants who died of SIDS had abnormalities in the brainstem, a part of the brain that helps control heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, temperature, and arousal. The finding supports the concept that SIDS risk may greatly increase when an underlying predisposition combines with an environmental risk at a developmentally sensitive time in early life. Modifiable factors, such as sleep position, may provide the greatest protection against SIDS for infants with the brain abnormality.

December 2006/February 2007 — NICHD researchers discover two genetic defects that lead to forms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), a disorder that weakens bones and may cause frequent fractures. The first gene discovery — a recessive form that requires two copies of the affected gene to show the trait — was implicated in a previously unexplained but fatal form of OI; the second was related to other previously unexplained forms of the disorder. Although there is no treatment for the disorder, the finding allows clinicians to test families who have lost a child to OI for the presence of the defective gene.

August 2007 — NIH initiates the Autism Centers of Excellence (ACE) Program, a consolidation of two existing programs, the Studies to Advance Autism Research and Treatment (STAART) and Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Autism (CPEA), into a single research effort. The ACE Program seeks to expand on earlier discoveries made by research previously supported by the NIH. Funding and resources for the program are provided by NICHD, along with NIDCD, NIEHS, the National Institute of Mental Health, and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

December 2007 — The President signs the bill renaming NICHD as the "Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development."

January 2008 — NIH, led by NICHD, releases a research plan to advance understanding of Down syndrome and speed development of new treatments for the condition, which is the most frequent genetic cause of mild to moderate intellectual disability and associated medical problems. The plan sets research goals for the next 10 years that build upon earlier research advances fostered by NIH. Among the plan elements are the need for increased research on the medical, cognitive, and behavioral conditions that occur in people with Down syndrome and the need to study whether aging has a greater impact on mental processes in people with Down syndrome than in people who do not have the condition.

June 2008 — NICHD serves as the scientific lead for the Surgeon General's Conference on the Prevention of Preterm Birth. The aim of the conference is to establish an agenda for activities in both the public and private sectors to speed the identification of, and treatments for, the causes of and risk factors for preterm labor and delivery. The agenda calls for a national system to better understand the occurrence of preterm birth and a national education program to help women reduce their chances of giving birth prematurely. The agenda also calls for improved methods for estimating the age of the fetus, and studies to identify biomarkers which would signal the beginning of preterm labor.

July 2009 — NIH, led by NICHD, releases a research plan to advance understanding of Fragile X syndrome and its associated conditions, Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome and Fragile X-associated Primary Ovarian Insufficiency. The plan sets research priorities for each condition and includes investigating the biological processes underlying all three disorders and how to better diagnose and treat them. Other priorities include studying how widespread the gene variations are in the population and how the three conditions affect families.

October 2009 — NICHD and NIH join members of the newborn screening research community and  — the foundation started by former National Football League quarterback Jim Kelly and his wife Jill after their son Hunter was diagnosed with a rare, degenerative, fatal genetic disease — to launch the Hunter Kelly Newborn Screening Research Program. The program aims to identify new screening technologies and research management strategies for screened conditions.

August 2010 — NICHD-supported researchers are the first to activate dormant mouse egg cells at the earliest stage of their development and bring them to full maturity within the laboratory. Researchers then fertilize and transfer the eggs into female mice, resulting in the birth of healthy offspring.

February 9, 2011 — Results from an NICHD-funded study show the benefits and risks of prenatal surgery to repair myelomeningocele, the primary defect in the most severe form of spina bifida. Researchers in the Management of Myelomeningocele Study compared outcomes from the standard postnatal surgery treatment to outcomes from surgery done while the baby is still in the womb. The study shows that, despite a slight increase in risk for preterm delivery, mother and baby have better overall outcomes if the surgery is done before birth.

December 13, 2011 — NICHD’s National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (NCMRR) marks its 20th anniversary with a scientific symposium. The event provides a forum for discussions of the center’s founding and history, early years, and scientific accomplishments in rehabilitation research.

September 2012 — NICHD and its collaborators expand the Back to Sleep campaign, which focused on SIDS, into the Safe to Sleep^® campaign, with a broader emphasis on SIDS, safe sleep environments, infant health, and other sleep-related causes of infant death.

December 5, 2012 — The institute commemorates the 50th anniversary of its founding with a series of volunteer activities and events related to NICHD’s mission. These activities culminate with a scientific colloquium that features NIH and NICHD Directors, renowned researchers, Nobel laureates, and former NICHD leadership. At the same time, the institute releases a Scientific Vision Statement, which identifies the most promising scientific opportunities of the next decade.

December 2012 — NICHD reorganizes its extramural research program, consolidating the former Center for Population Research, Center for Research for Mothers and Children, and Center for Developmental Biology and Perinatal Medicine into the Division of Extramural Research.�� Two new branches – Gynecologic Health and Disease, and Pediatric Trauma and Critical Illness – are added to the 12 that existed in the three separate centers.

September 2013 — NICHD launches DS-Connect^®, an online health registry and national health resource for people with Down syndrome, researchers, and health care providers.

September 2013 — The Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research changes its name to the Division of Intramural Population Health Research to reflect its renewed focus on population health.

May 2014 — NICHD launches the Human Placenta Project to advance technologies that can assess placental structure, function, and development in real time over the course of a human pregnancy, with the ultimate goal of improving lifelong health of mothers and children.

December 12, 2014 — NIH ends the National Children’s Study, following reviews by external advisory groups. NIH considers new research plans to explore the links between the environment and child health and development.

October 1, 2015 — Informed by input from a Blue Ribbon Panel, NICHD reorganizes its Division of Intramural Research into 14 affinity groups. The groups are designed to serve as intellectual hubs for investigators and to facilitate sharing of ideas and collaboration around common themes.��

August 2015 — NICHD launches the , a centralized online resource for researchers to store and access de-identified data from NICHD-funded research studies for secondary research use.

November 2015 — NIH launches a new research effort, the NIH Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease in Adults with Down Syndrome Initiative, to identify biomarkers that signal the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s in people with Down syndrome. NICHD and NIA provide joint funding support.

December 2015 — NIH launches a new multi-year initiative, the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program, to understand the effects of environmental exposures on child health and development. Consistent with the goals of the former National Children’s Study, the program is designed to capitalize on existing pediatric research participants while taking advantage of new clinical networks and technological advances. Included within the ECHO program is the Institutional Development Award (IDeA) States Pediatric Clinical Trials Network, which will create teams of pediatric clinical trial specialists at IDeA state institutions to study diseases or conditions relevant to the pediatric population.

February 2016 — After the World Health Organization declares the association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly and other neurological disorders as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, NIH announces its research priorities related to understanding the virus and its effects. NICHD leads the NIH focus on , how Zika affects sperm function and fertility, and .��

July 2016 — Findings from the Promoting Maternal and Infant Survival Everywhere (PROMISE) study, funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and NICHD, indicate that for mothers with HIV who have healthy immune systems, taking a three-drug antiretroviral regimen during breastfeeding essentially eliminates HIV transmission to their infants. The treatment makes breastfeeding a safe option for mothers with HIV in low- and middle-income countries, who may not have access to alternative feeding methods.

August 2016 — NIH Director, Francis Collins, M.D., Ph.D., appoints Diana W. Bianchi, M.D., as Director of NICHD. Dr. Bianchi, a practicing medical geneticist with special expertise in reproductive genetics, joins NICHD from the Floating Hospital for Children and Tufts Medical Center in Boston, where she served as the founding executive director of the Mother Infant Research Institute and vice chair for pediatric research. She also served as the Natalie V. Zucker Professor of Pediatrics and a professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Tufts University School of Medicine and was a member of the NICHD’s federal advisory committee from 2011 to 2015. NICHD is a long-term primary funder of Dr. Bianchi’s research on prenatal diagnosis and treatment of intellectual and developmental disabilities.��

August 2016 — NICHD-funded researchers announce a new way to diagnose bacterial infections in infants 2 months of age or younger who present with fevers of unknown cause. The technology, once refined, could provide a time-saving alternative to the standard method, which requires several days and sometimes invasive procedures to complete. Having a fast, accurate, and non-invasive way to diagnose the causes of fevers in young children could reduce unnecessary drug regimens and hospital admissions.

September 2016 — A new analysis by NICHD researchers provides the strongest evidence to date that nausea and vomiting during pregnancy are associated with a lower risk of miscarriage in pregnant women.

September 2016 — NICHD's National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (NCMRR) releases the , which identifies current medical rehabilitation research activities at NIH, opportunities and needs for additional research, and priorities for this research. NCMRR will coordinate NIH-wide activities related to plan objectives and areas of high priority for the benefit of those with temporary or chronic limitations in physical, cognitive, or sensory function that require rehabilitation.

October 2016 — NICHD joins other NIH institutes in launching a study that will collect brain imaging and other data to better understand teen behavior. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study will follow 10,000 children, from age 9 years through early adulthood, to gather information during the pivotal teen years, including—for the first time in a study of this size—brain images.��

January 2017 — NICHD leads activities related to structural birth defects for the Gabriella Miller Kids First Pediatric Research Program, an NIH-wide effort supported through the NIH Common Fund. The program focuses on developing tools and resources to better understand the relationship between specific structural birth defects, such as neural tube defects, and childhood cancers. Its first project is the creation of a large data bank that will enable researchers to better study children with birth defects, cancer, or both.

March 2017 — The NICHD-funded Maternal Fetal Medicine Units Network releases findings that treating mildly low thyroid function during pregnancy shows no benefit for pregnancy outcomes. The findings—from a large, long-term study—bolster results from earlier studies. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends against universal screening for low thyroid function in pregnant women based, in part, on these findings.

June 2017 — With opioid use and deaths in the United States reaching their highest numbers ever, NICHD convenes experts to review evidence on how best to recognize, treat, and manage newborns at risk for drug withdrawal, or neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). NAS infants experience a range of symptoms, including tremors, incessant crying and irritability, and problems sleeping, feeding, and breathing. Later in the year, NICHD announces a new study—Advancing Clinical trials in Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (ACT NOW)—to help inform clinical care of infants with NAS.

August 2017 — NICHD hosts the first meeting of the Task Force on Research Specific to Pregnant Women and Lactating Women (PRGLAC). The Task Force, established by the 21st Century Cures Act, will advise the Secretary of Health and Human Services on research aimed at optimizing therapies for pregnant women and nursing mothers.

April 2018 — NIH’s HEAL (Helping to End Addiction Long-term^®) Initiative boosts funding for research projects to stem the national opioid public crisis, including NICHD’s efforts on Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS).

June 2018 — NIH launches the INCLUDE (INvestigation of Co-occurring conditions across the Lifespan to Understand Down syndromE) project to address quality of life and critical health needs of people with Down syndrome. NICHD plays a leading role in the project, which also explores health conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease and heart disease, that affect people with Down syndrome differently than the general population.

���ܲԱ���2018 — NICHD leads the Trans-NIH Pediatric Research Consortium to harmonize activities in pediatric research across NIH, explore gaps and opportunities in the overall pediatric research portfolio, and set priorities for future activities.

July 2018 — NICHD-supported research leads to FDA approvals for two women’s health products: Orilissa™, the first pill for treating pain associated with endometriosis, and Annovera™, a vaginal ring contraceptive that offers birth control protection for an entire year. The institute also launches a clinical trial to test a male contraceptive gel, called NES/T, marking the first male contraceptive technology advance in decades. FDA also approves an anti-HIV drug, Truvada^®, for HIV prevention in adolescents vulnerable to HIV based, in part, on findings from NICHD-supported research.

September 2018 — The NICHD-led PRGLAC Task Force submits its report to the Secretary of HHS with recommendations for research on drugs and therapies used by pregnant women and nursing mothers.

October 2018 — NICHD funds research centers at Washington University in St. Louis, the University of Rochester in New York (in partnership with the University of Minnesota), and Pennsylvania State University to develop best practices for prevention, intervention, and treatment of child maltreatment. The program will serve as a national resource for researchers and the broader community to help raise awareness and understanding of child abuse and neglect and their effects on health and well-being.

�����Գܲ�������2019 — An NICHD-funded study develops implants that partially restored limb function in rats with spinal cord injuries. Another NICHD-supported study successfully uses sperm from frozen macaque testicular tissue to produce a pregnancy that led to healthy, live offspring.

March 2019 —The HHS Secretary renews the NICHD-led PRGLAC Task Force for two additional years, allowing PRGLAC members to provide implementation guidance for their recommendations.

April & May 2019 — NICHD hosts two national maternal health workshops to begin a dialogue between community members and the organizations and agencies that serve them and to identify organizational changes, such as data collection standards, that could improve maternal health and prevent maternal mortality.

October 2019 — The institute publishes the , outlining scientific research goals and objectives, aspirational goals, and scientific stewardship and accountability activities; reaffirming NICHD’s commitment to research and training for healthy pregnancies, healthy children, and healthy and optimal lives; and encouraging multidisciplinary teams of scientists to work together to address key public health priorities within institute mission areas.

November 2019 —NICHD expands the Advancing Clinical Trials in Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal (ACT NOW) study, with co-funding from the NIH ECHO Program. The study is among several NICHD-led projects within the NIH HEAL Initiative^® to accelerate scientific solutions to the national opioid public health crisis. In addition to studies on opioids during pregnancy, NICHD supports efforts to identify alternatives to opioids for treating pain conditions in women of reproductive age.

December 2019 — Esther Duflo, Ph.D., then a current NICHD grantee, and Michael Kremer, Ph.D., who was supported by NICHD early in his career, share the 2019 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel with colleague Abhijit Banerjee, Ph.D., for their work in development economics. Their work includes creation of an experiment-based approach that uses more precise questions to obtain reliable answers on how to fight global poverty.

January 2020 — A study conducted through NICHD’s Global Network for Women’s and Children’s Health Research finds that low-dose aspirin therapy reduces preterm birth risk and its associated morbidities in first-time mothers living in resource-poor settings, offering a safe, effective, and cost-effective care strategy.

February 2020 — NICHD marks 10 years of Human-Animal Interaction research, in collaboration with WALTHAM^® PetCare Science Institute, a division of Mars, to explore and document the impact of interactions between animals and their human companions.

March 2020 — After the World Health Organization declares coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic, NICHD begins participating in and leading many NIH- and HHS-wide activities related to the disease, with a focus on those in the institute's populations of interest. As the pandemic continues and changes, NICHD advances research on COVID-19, including calling attention to the disproportionate toll that the pandemic has on people with disabilities, finding that people in their third trimester of pregnancy are unlikely to pass the infection to their newborns, and evaluating drugs prescribed to treat COVID-19 in infants, children, and teens.

September 2020 — NICHD takes a co-lead role in the NIH-wide Implementing a Maternal health and PRegnancy Outcomes Vision for Everyone (IMPROVE) initiative, which supports research on preventable causes of maternal death to improve the health of mothers before, during, and after pregnancy.

October 2020 — Through the INCLUDE project, NIH awards more than $60 million to support more than 40 new research projects on Down syndrome. NICHD leads many components of the INCLUDE project and funds the INCLUDE Data Hub to improve critical health and quality-of-life needs for individuals with Down syndrome.  

January 2021 — As the world adjusts to the COVID-19 pandemic, NICHD continues its work to better understand SARS-CoV-2 infection and related issues, such as the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), long COVID, severe outcomes for pregnant people, and the safety of COVID tests, vaccines, and treatments in pregnant women, children, and those with disabilities.�� 

July 2021 — Research on the placenta, including studies conducted under the NICHD’s Human Placenta Project, yields insights into COVID-19 during pregnancy and pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia. NICHD research suggests a placental mechanism that halts the spread of SARS-CoV-2, while NICHD-funded efforts confirm the effectiveness of a new ultrasound technique to detect fetal circulation problems; develop a new way to grow placental cells in the lab; produce a device that monitors placental oxygen to diagnose pregnancy complications; and link depression during pregnancy to changes in placental genes.

November 2021 — Led by NICHD’s NCMRR, NIH publishes the NIH Research Plan on Rehabilitation to help coordinate and guide activities on medical rehabilitation across the agency.

December 2021 — NICHD announces the winners of its first research challenge competition conducted through the America COMPETES Act. The Decoding Maternal Morbidity Data Challenge invited creative ideas to identify risks for complications among first-time pregnant people using previously collected data.��NICHD begins using competitions to spur innovation and bring non-traditional groups and orgnaizations into the biomedical research field.

January 2022 — The COVID-19 pandemic enters its third year and, although rates of infection and deaths begin to wane, many NICHD research activities remain focused on SARS-CoV-2. Key projects started at the beginning of the pandemic publish results, including: confirmation of a small, temporary menstrual cycle disruption among women who received the COVID-19 vaccine; association between SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and severe complications; safety of COVID-19 vaccines for pregnant women and their newborns for up to 6 months after birth; effectiveness of mandatory masking for reducing COVID-19 transmission in schools during the Delta surge; developmental and mental health outcomes related to the pandemic; and safety of vaccines following MIS-C.

April 2022 — Institute-funded research advances women’s health care with findings related to risk for and disparities in uterine fibroids, non-invasive treatment for endometriosis, efficacy of surgical treatments for uterine prolapse, and the viability of ovarian tissue freezing.

August 2022 — As part of the IMPROVE initiative, NICHD issues funding announcements to establish Maternal Health Research Centers of Excellence. The effort will fund several research centers, a data innovation and coordinating hub, and an implementation science hub to develop and evaluate innovative approaches to reduce pregnancy-related complications and deaths.

September 2022 — The institute leads two challenges to spur creative solutions to maternal health problems. The first, part of the Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics Technology (RADx^® Tech) created to address the COVID pandemic, offers cash prizes for innovative technologies that improve maternal health outcomes for those who live in areas lacking maternity care. The second expands the capacity of community-based organizations to conduct maternal health research by offering infrastructure and expertise support.

October 2022 — with a full-day scientific symposium spanning the institute’s mission, with a focus on its populations of interest. Held 60 years to the day from the first NICHD Advisory Council meeting, the event recognizes NICHD’s past, but stays focused on future directions for NICHD research on pregnancy, reproductive health, child and adolescent development, intellectual and developmental disabilities, and medical rehabilitation.

October 17, 1962 — Public Law (P.L.) 87-838 authorizes the U.S. Surgeon General, with approval of the Secretary of the DHEW, to "establish in the Public Health Service (PHS) an institute for the conduct and support of research and training relating to maternal health, child health and human development, including research and training in the special health problems and requirements of mothers and children and in the basic sciences relating to the processes of human growth and development, including prenatal development."

October 31, 1963 — P.L. 88-164 provides grants to support the construction of research centers for mental retardation and related disabilities. NICHD remains closely associated with some 12 centers installed prior to June 30, 1967, when the authority expires.

December 24, 1970 — P.L. 91-572 adds Title X to the PHS Act to authorize grants and contracts for research and research training in family planning and population problems. The DHEW Secretary delegates the authority to NICHD, where the program is administered by the Center for Population Research.

April 22, 1974 — P.L. 93-270 assigns the task of conducting research on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and reporting on it to the Congress to the DHEW Secretary and, ultimately, to NICHD.

July 29, 1975 — Title II of P.L.��94-63, the Family Planning and Population Research Act of 1975, amends Title X of the PHS Act. Thereafter the PHS can conduct and support population research. Title X becomes the sole authority for population research appropriations.

August 13, 1981 — The Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, P.L.��97-35, repeals sections 1004(b)(1) and 1004(b)(2) of the PHS Act. Once enacted, authority for supporting research in human reproduction and the population sciences derives from the broad provisions of sections 301 and 441 of the PHS Act.

November 20, 1985 — The Health Extension Act of 1985 directs NICHD to appoint an Associate Director for Prevention, "to coordinate and promote the programs in the Institute concerning the prevention of health problems of mothers and children."

November 16, 1990 — Section 3 of the NIH Amendments of 1990, P.L.��101-613, establishes the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research. The center will conduct and support programs with respect to the rehabilitation of individuals with physical disabilities that result from congenital defects, diseases, or disorders of the neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, or any other physiological system.

June 10, 1993 — The NIH Revitalization Act of 1993, P.L.��103-43, mandates NICHD do the following: 1) establish contraception research centers to improve methods of contraception; establish infertility research centers to improve methods of diagnosis and treatment of infertility; and establish an educational loan repayment program for extramural and intramural health professionals who agree to conduct contraception or infertility research; 2) establish and maintain an intramural laboratory and clinical research program in obstetrics and gynecology within the Institute; 3) establish and support a program of Child Health Research Centers; and 4) undertake a national prospective, longitudinal study of adolescent health and well-being.

October 17, 2000 — President Clinton signs P.L.��106-310, the Children's Health Act, which designates NICHD as the lead organization on a number of research initiatives, including establishment of a pediatric research initiative, expansion of autism-related and Fragile X syndrome research activities, and authorization for NICHD to lead other federal agencies in conducting a national longitudinal study of environmental influences on child health.

December 18, 2001 — President George W. Bush signs P.L.��07-84, the Muscular Dystrophy Community Assistance, Research and Education Amendments of 2001, which directs the NIH Director, in coordination with the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, and NICHD, to expand research activities at NIH pertaining to various types of muscular dystrophy. This expansion is to include the formation of an inter-agency coordinating committee and the establishment of centers of excellence to conduct research. The law also mandates a contract with the Institute of Medicine to study and report on the impact of and need for centers of excellence at the NIH.

January 4, 2002 — The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (P.L. 107-109) seeks to improve the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals for children. The law authorizes funding for the NIH to conduct testing of drugs already on the market, including at federally funded facilities, such as NICHD's Pediatric Pharmacology Research Units.

January 8, 2002 — President Bush signs the No Child Left Behind Act (P.L.��107-110). Among the education legislation's many provisions is authorization for programs that build upon the reading readiness research funded by the NICHD, as well as on findings from the National Reading Panel, established and supported by NICHD.

December 3, 2003 — The President authorizes the Pediatric Research Equity Act (P.L. 108-155), which codifies a policy of requiring pharmaceutical companies to test new drugs in pediatric populations, if the drugs are likely to be used to treat children, and to provide the data to the federal government. This law complements the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, in which NICHD plays a central role.

December 3, 2004 — The President signs the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) of 2004 (P.L.��108-446). Among the many provisions in this reauthorization of IDEA activities, the Act also amends the section of the Children's Health Act of 2000 specific to the National Children's Study. This amendment requires the U.S. Department of Education to be formally included as a partner in planning and implementing the Study; the Department is already a member of the federal consortium that leads the Study, but was not named in the original legislation. The Act also requires that the National Children's Study comply with federal education law concerning the use of school records for research purposes.

December 9, 2006 — The Prematurity Research Expansion and Education for Mothers who deliver Infants Early Act ("PREEMIE") passes, with provisions authorizing an Interagency Coordinating Council on Prematurity and Low Birthweight, and directing the U.S. Surgeon General to convene a meeting on preterm birth. NICHD will assist the Surgeon General's Office in planning and holding the meeting in June 2008.

December 19, 2006 — The Combating Autism Act becomes law, requiring the NIH and other federal agencies to expand their activities related to research on possible causes, diagnostics, and treatments for autism spectrum disorders. The Act also requires the NIH to develop and update an annual strategic plan for autism-related research, expand the Autism Centers of Excellence, and reauthorize the Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee.

September 27, 2007 — Best Pharmaceuticals for Children/Pediatric Devices Act becomes law as part of the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007. The Act reauthorizes the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, extending additional patent exclusivity for drugs that are being tested for pediatric use, and makes improvements to the research program being supported by NICHD. The Act establishes a new program, for Pediatric Medical Device Safety and Improvement, requiring NIH to collaborate with the FDA and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to develop a research plan for expanding medical device research and development focused on devices for children. NICHD is leading the trans-NIH effort to develop the research plan for studies of pediatric medical devices.

December 21, 2007 — The President signs the bill renaming NICHD the "Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development." The bill and renaming honors Mrs. Shriver's work in both supporting the establishment of the Institute and her ongoing efforts on behalf of the intellectually disabled and lauds NICHD's research efforts in reducing SIDS and maternal HIV transmission, and development of vaccines, among others.

April 24, 2008 — The Newborn Screening Saves Lives Act (P.L. 110-204) renames NICHD's program as the Hunter Kelly Newborn Screening Research Program after the son of National Football League Pro Football Hall-of-Fame quarterback Jim Kelly and his wife Jill; Hunter Kelly had Krabbe disease, one of the classic leukodystrophies (a rare, degenerative, fatal muscular and nervous-system disease), and died at age eight in 2005. The Act also authorizes the NIH, through NICHD, to develop systematic methods for identifying additional conditions for newborn screening, develop and test innovative treatments and strategies to improve outcomes, educate providers about newborn screening, create and implement communication systems for newborn screening, and sponsor research and research training programs.

April 28, 2008 — The Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Act (P.L. 110-206) becomes law, reauthorizing funding for TBI research, treatment, surveillance, and education activities through 2012 at the NIH, CDC, and the Health Resources and Services Administration. Among its provisions, the Act requires a report to Congress on activities that can improve the collection and dissemination of epidemiological studies on the incidence and prevalence of TBI in persons formerly in the military and charges the NIH and CDC to conduct studies identifying common therapeutic interventions for TBI rehabilitation and those that can prevent secondary neurologic conditions, and to develop practice guidelines for the rehabilitation of TBI.

October 8, 2008 — The Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Community Assistance, Research and Education (MD-CARE) Amendments of 2008 (P.L. 110-361) become law. The Act names the muscular dystrophy centers of excellence (several of which are funded by NICHD) as the Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Centers. In addition, the Muscular Dystrophy Interagency Coordinating Committee, on which the NICHD Director sits, is authorized to give special consideration to enhance the clinical research infrastructure to test emerging therapies for the various forms of muscular dystrophy. The same day, Congress signs the Prenatally and Postnatally Diagnosed Conditions Act (P.L. 110-374) to increase the provision of information, referrals, and support services to families of patients who receive a diagnosis of Down syndrome or other prenatally or postnatally (up to one year after birth) diagnosed conditions. The Act also requires HHS to support coordination of "up-to-date and evidence-based" information regarding such services.

March 30, 2009 — The President signs the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (P.L. 111-11), which includes the Christopher and Dana Reeve Paralysis Act authorizing the NIH to coordinate paralysis research and rehabilitation activities across the Institutes, to establish research consortia and name them for Christopher and Dana Reeve, and to award grants for multicenter networks of clinical sites that will collaborate to design clinical rehabilitation intervention protocols and measures of outcomes on one or more forms of paralysis.

July 9, 2012 — The President signs the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (P.L. 112-144). Among its provisions, the Act extends the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA) and the Pediatric Research Equity Act (PREA) until 2017. The Act also establishes measures to improve both the BPCA and PREA in terms of their ability to encourage and support pediatric research.

November 27, 2013 — The President signs the Prematurity Research Expansion and Education for Mothers who deliver Infants Early (PREEMIE) Reauthorization Act (P.L. 113-55). One component of the legislation reauthorizes programs related to reducing preterm birth and infant mortality; another component supports the establishment of a National Pediatric Research Network, with preference to be given to grantees that focus on pediatric "rare" diseases.

April 3, 2014 — The President signs the Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act (P.L. 113-94), which eliminates taxpayer financing for presidential campaigns and authorizes a "10 Year Pediatric Research Initiative Fund" of $12.6 million through Fiscal Year 2023 to be appropriated to the NIH Common Fund to support pediatric research activities.��

August 8, 2014 — The President signs the Autism Collaboration, Accountability, Research, Education and Support Act (Autism CARES) of 2014 (P.L. 113-490), which reauthorizes federal autism-related programs. Among other things, it requires the HHS Secretary to designate an official to establish and oversee national autism spectrum disorder research, services, and support activities, and revises responsibilities and members of the Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee including reports to the President and Congress.

September 26, 2014 — The President signs the Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Community Assistance, Research, and Education Amendments of 2008 (P.L. 113-166), which reauthorizes and amends the muscular dystrophy research program at the NIH. Among other things, the legislation expands the range of forms of muscular dystrophy and continues and expands the inter-agency Muscular Dystrophy Coordinating Committee.

November 26, 2014 — The President signs the TBI Reauthorization Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-196), amending the Public Health Service Act to reauthorize federal prevention, surveillance, and registry programs relating to TBI through 2019. The legislation requires the Secretary to improve coordination of federal activities and to develop a TBI coordination plan within one year of enactment. It also requires the Director of CDC, in consultation with the Director of NIH, to conduct a review of the scientific evidence related to brain injury management in children, identifying ongoing and potential opportunities for further research.��

December 18, 2014 — The President signs the Newborn Screening Saves Lives Reauthorization Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-240), reauthorizing activities relating to newborn screening, including NICHD's Hunter Kelly Newborn Screening program. Of particular importance, the legislation requires federally funded research on newborn dried blood spots to be considered research on human subjects (which requires the informed consent of the subject), and eliminates the ability of an institutional review board to waive informed consent requirements for research on newborn dried blood spots.

December 18, 2014 — The President signs the Sudden Unexpected Death Data Enhancement and Awareness Act (P.L. 113-236), amending the Public Health Service Act to require the Secretary of HHS to continue and report on activities relating to stillbirth, sudden unexpected infant death, and sudden unexpected death in childhood. The legislation requires the CDC to provide for collection of epidemiologic information on stillbirths and periodically update standard protocols for data collection. It also requires the death scene protocol to include the infant’s sleep position and sleep environment.

November 25, 2015 — The President signs the Protecting our Infants Act (P.L. 114-91) to reduce the rise of prenatal opioid abuse and neonatal abstinence syndrome. This law requires HHS to review its activities related to prenatal opioid use, including neonatal abstinence syndrome, and develop a strategy to address gaps in research and gaps and overlap in programs.

September 29, 2016 — The President signs the Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017, and Zika Response and Preparedness Act (P.L. 114-223) to extend funding for the federal government to December 9, 2016, cover fertility counseling and Assisted Reproductive Technology treatments for veterans and/or their spouses, and to support the U.S. response to the Zika virus.

December 13, 2016 — The President signs the 21st Century Cures Act (P.L. 114-255) to accelerate discovery, development and delivery of new cures and treatments, and provide additional funding for the NIH and the FDA. Several provisions in the Act directly affect NICHD, including (but not limited to): defining “medical rehabilitation research” and updating the NIH Plan on Rehabilitation Research every 5 years; continuing the National Pediatric Research Network; encouraging work with non-domestic entities to establish a global pediatric clinical research network; creating a task force on drug testing research specific to pregnant and lactating women to further safe and effective therapies for these populations; outlining requirements for inclusion of relevant age categories, such as pediatric and elderly populations, in the demographic variables for all research activities.

August 18, 2017 — Congress passes the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017 (P.L. 115-52) reauthorizing the NICHD’s Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA) program for 5 years. The Act also allows research on biomarkers to be supported under BPCA, decreases the amount of time required for the FDA to place a drug report/data on the docket for comment prior to developing pediatric labeling, and permits the data to be posted publicly in a data repository (e.g., NICHD’s Data and Specimen Hub). The law also reauthorizes are the FDA’s critical user fee programs and ensures that FDA has the tools needed to deliver safe and effective drugs, devices, and treatments to patients more swiftly.

September 30, 2019 — The Autism Collaboration, Accountability, Research, Education, and Support (CARES) Act (P.L. 116-60) expands, intensifies, and coordinates autism research activities across NIH; reauthorizes prior activities, including the Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee, through Fiscal Year 2024; renews the progress report on activities related to autism and other developmental disabilities; and requires a new report concerning the health and well-being of individuals with autism spectrum disorder across their lifespan.

March 2020 — The Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act (P.L. 116-123) and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (P.L. 116-136) provide emergency supplemental funding to respond to the coronavirus outbreak and pandemic.

Biographical Sketch of NICHD Director Diana W. Bianchi, M.D.

Dr. Bianchi received her B.A. magna cum laude from the University of Pennsylvania and her M.D. from Stanford University School of Medicine. She completed her residency training in Pediatrics at the Children's Hospital, Boston and her postdoctoral fellowship training in Medical Genetics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, both at Harvard. She is board-certified in all three specialties and is a practicing medical geneticist with special expertise in reproductive genetics. Dr. Bianchi's translational research focuses on two broad themes: prenatal genomics, with the goal of advancing noninvasive prenatal DNA screening and diagnosis, and investigations of the fetal transcriptome to develop new therapies for genetic disorders that can be given prenatally.

Dr. Bianchi has published over 300 peer-reviewed articles, and she is one of four authors of Fetology: Diagnosis and Management of the Fetal Patient. This book won the Association of American Publishers award for best textbook in clinical medicine in 2000. The second edition was published in April 2010 and is in its third printing. It has been translated into Japanese, Mandarin, and Spanish.

Dr. Bianchi is recognized widely for her leadership roles. She spent 23 years at Tufts Medical Center, where she was the founding Executive Director of the Mother Infant Research Institute, as well as the Natalie V. Zucker Professor of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology at Tufts University School of Medicine. Dr. Bianchi also was the Vice Chair for Pediatric Research at the Floating Hospital for Children, Boston. From 2011 through 2015, she served on the National Advisory Council of NICHD. She is currently Editor-in-Chief of the international journal Prenatal Diagnosis and is a Past President of the International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis and the Perinatal Research Society. She is a former member of the Board of Directors of the American Society for Human Genetics and a former council member of both the Society for Pediatric Research and the American Pediatric Society. She was elected to membership in the National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) in 2013.

Dr. Bianchi has received several major lifetime achievement awards for her work. The Landmark Award, from the American Academy of Pediatrics, was given in 2015 in recognition of her research and contributions to genetics and newborn care. The Maureen Andrew Award for Mentoring, given in 2016 by the Society for Pediatric Research, recognized her commitment to mentoring the next generation of clinician-scientists. She also received the March of Dimes Colonel Harland Sanders Lifetime Achievement Award in 2017 for significant contributions toward the prevention or treatment of birth defects and other genetic disorders.��Dr. Bianchi received the Pioneer Award from the International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis for her contributions to prenatal diagnosis and therapy, and an honorary doctorate from the University of Amsterdam for accomplishments in fetal cell microchimerism and noninvasive prenatal testing. In 2022 she was a finalist for the Samuel J. Heyman Service to America Medals (Sammies).

Directors of NICHD

Name	In Office from	To
Robert A. Aldrich	March 1, 1963	October 1964
Donald Harting	July 8, 1965	1966
Gerald D. LaVeck	October 9, 1966	September 1, 1973
Gilbert L. Woodside (Acting)	September 1, 1973	September 1, 1974
Norman Kretchmer	September 1, 1974	September 30, 1981
Betty H. Pickett (Acting)	September 30, 1981	June 30, 1982
Mortimer B. Lipsett	July 1, 1982	January 7, 1985
Duane Alexander	February 5, 1986	September 30, 2009
Susan Shurin (Acting)	October 1, 2009	November 30, 2009
Alan Guttmacher (Acting)	December 1, 2009	July 21, 2010
Alan Guttmacher	July 22, 2010	September 30, 2015
Catherine Y. Spong (Acting)	October 1, 2015	October 31, 2016
Diana W. Bianchi	November 1, 2016	Present

Programs

NICHD currently has several scientific and administrative components plus an Office of the Director, which addresses cross-institute, mission-critical issues.

With the , scientific branches include:

• Child Development and Behavior Branch
• Contraception Research Branch
• Developmental Biology and Congenital Anomalies Branch
• Fertility and Infertility Branch
• Gynecologic Health and Disease Branch
• Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Branch
• Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch
• Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch
• Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch
• Pediatric Trauma and Critical Illness Branch
• Population Dynamics Branch
• Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch

The provides a centralized point of coordination, guidance, and implementation of the institute’s research grant and training programs.��

The , an extramural entity established by Congress within NICHD in 1991, fosters development of scientific knowledge needed to enhance the health, productivity, independence, and quality-of-life of people with physical disabilities.��

Expertise in NICHD's ranges from biostatistics, epidemiology, computer sciences, and prevention research to biological and neurobiological, medical, and behavioral aspects of typical and atypical development. DIR comprises multiple affinity groups and offices, as well as a division, including:

• Office of the Scientific Director
• Office of the Clinical Director
• Division of Population Health Research
• Affinity Groups
  • Aquatic Models of Human Development
  • Bone Matric Biology in Development and Disease
  • Cell and Structural Biology
  • Cell Regulation and Development
  • Developmental Endocrinology, Metabolism, Genetics, and Endocrine Oncology
  • Genetics and Epigenetics of Development
  • Genomics and Back Mechanisms of Growth and Development
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Translational Imaging
  • Molecular Medicine
  • Neurosciences
  • Physical medicine and Biology
  • Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology

Visit for a complete listing of the institute’s organizational units and descriptions of their missions and activities.��For news about NICHD and its activities, visit .

Appropriations: Grants and Direct Operations (Amounts in thousands of dollars)

Fiscal Year	Total Grants $	Direct Operations1 $	Total $
1964	32,800	1,200	34,000
1965	38,906	3,790	42,695
1966	49,725	5,299	55,024
1967	55,710	9,212	64,922
1968	56,795	11,826	68,621
1969	57,363	15,763	73,126
1970	59,135	18,057	77,192
1971	64,151	30,609	94,760
1972	78,356	38,477	116,833
1973	89,114	41,315	130,429
1974	87,955	42,309	130,254
1975	97,848	44,587	142,435
1976	95,518	40,886	136,404
1977	100,717	44,826	145,543
1978	115,471	50,919	166,390
1979	143,951	54,039	197,630
1980	149,052	59,901	208,953
1981	164,233	56,395	220,628
1982	167,221	59,088	226,309
1983	188,948	65,376	254,324
1984	208,511	67,535	276,046
1985	236,547	76,211	312,758
1986	237,299	70,912	308,211
1987	281,413	85,238	366,651
1988	295,537	101,047	396,584
1989	318,567	106,701	425,628
1990	323,156	118,799	441,995
1991	351,031	127,916	478,947
1992	375,522	144,055	518,577
1993	380,059	147,708	527,767
1994	385,700	172,136	554,836
1995	397,494	172,815	570,309
1996	422,865	170,286	592,791
1997	454,374	176,991	631,3652
1998	486,527	185,565	672,0923
1999	551,8454	196,793	748,6384
2000	642,873	214,519	857,392
2001	738,441	237,140	975,581
2002	839,365	271,049	1,110,459
2003	892,243	313,684	1,205,927
2004	906,889	341,088	1,247,977
2005	903,027	359,263	1,262,290
2006	890,228	364,541	1,254,769
2007	898,923	355,221	1,254,1445
2008	898,000	361,439	1,259,439
2009	915,059	377,892	1,292,9516
2010	933,979	393,408	1,327,3876
2011	922,646	395,208	1,317,854
2012	930,956	389,195	1,320,1517
2013	874,250	371,936	1,246,1868
2014	901,631	381,707	1,283,3387
2015	900,038	386,759	1,286,797
2016	945,498	392,850	1,338,3499
2017	979,296	397,312	1,376,608
2018	1,044,257	406,380	1,450,637
2019	1,085,250	416,001	1,501,251
2020	1,134,029	422,880	1,556,909
2021	1,149,608	438,589	1,588,197
2022	1,202,977	478,254	1,681,231

¹ Includes R&D contracts, intramural research, and research management support.
² Excludes enacted administrative reduction of $338.
³ Reflects 1% transfers by HHS and NIH noncomparable to fiscal year 2000.
⁴ Updated since the 1999 NIH Almanac.
⁵ Includes comparable adjustments for program transfers as reflected in the FY 2009 Congressional Justification.
⁶ Excludes American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds.
⁷ Reflects 1% transfers by HHS and NIH.
⁸ Sequestration required NIH to cut 5% of its fiscal year 2013 budget.
⁹Reflects FY 2016 HIV/AIDS transfer.